Climate change poses substantial challenges to agricultural productivity, food security, and rural livelihoods through rising temperatures, erratic precipitation, droughts, floods, heat stress, and the degradation of natural resources. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) has emerged as an integrated approach to address these challenges by sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and incomes, strengthening adaptation and resilience, and reducing or removing greenhouse gas emissions where possible. This review examines the conceptual foundations, guiding principles, implementation framework, and practical applications of CSA, with particular emphasis on government initiatives in India. The review synthesizes relevant scientific literature, international policy documents, and official government publications to explore climate-smart practices in crop production, livestock management, agroforestry, soil and water conservation, biodiversity management, energy use, and post-harvest systems. The three pillars of CSA are discussed in relation to sustainable intensification, climate risk management, resource-use efficiency, and low-emission agricultural development. Indian initiatives, including the National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA), National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA), Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY), Soil Health Card Scheme, Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), and agroforestry-related policies, are examined for their potential contributions to climate-resilient farming. The review also discusses the relationship between CSA and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDGs 1, 2, 6, 12, 13, and 15. Despite its potential, the adoption of CSA is constrained by financial limitations, inadequate extension services, fragmented institutional coordination, uneven access to climate information, and uncertainties regarding the costs and benefits of individual practices. The review concludes that CSA should be implemented through locally appropriate, evidence-based strategies supported by effective institutions, farmer participation, accessible finance, and outcome-oriented monitoring. Such an integrated approach can strengthen agricultural resilience while supporting sustainable food systems and climate action.