The present investigation was conducted during Rabi 2025-26 at the Wetland Farm, S.V. Agricultural College, and Tirupati, to identify key yield-contributing traits in blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) through correlation and path coefficient analyses. The experimental material consists of twenty-eight blackgram genotypes, including three check varieties (TBG-104, TBG-129 and LBG-645), which were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications for ten quantitative traits. The results of genotypic correlation coefficients were generally higher than the corresponding phenotypic correlations, indicating that the observed associations were predominantly governed by genetic factors. Among the traits studied, seed yield per plant exhibited significant and positive correlation with harvest index (rg = 0.9187; rp = 0.8123), followed by number of pods per cluster (rg = 0.7287; rp = 0.5898), number of seeds per pod (rg = 0.6166; rp = 0.4506), plant height (rg = 0.5150; rp = 0.4225), 100-seed weight (rg = 0.4872; rp = 0.3718) and pod length (rg = 0.3778; rp = 0.3159). Path coefficient analysis revealed that harvest index exerted the highest positive direct effect on seed yield at both the genotypic (1.1410) and phenotypic (1.1302) levels, followed by shoot biomass per plant, 100-seed weight, number of pods per cluster and pod length. The low residual effects of path analysis (0.0113 and 0.0272 at the genotypic and phenotypic levels, respectively) indicated that the selected traits accounted for most of the variation in seed yield. The present investigation revealed that harvest index, number of pods per cluster and 100-seed weight were the most important traits contributing to seed yield. Hence, these traits could be effectively utilized as selection criteria in blackgram breeding programmes for the development of superior high-yielding genotypes.