Production of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and the application of conventional and modern breeding technologies for rice improvement. It emphasizes that increasing productivity and resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses requires moving beyond conventional breeding toward molecular and genomic approaches. The paper discusses conventional breeding, in which hybridization, selection, recombination, and progeny evaluation are used to develop locally adapted, high-yielding rice varieties. It also describes marker-assisted selection (MAS), in which DNA markers linked to desirable genes or QTLs allow breeders to identify and select useful genotypes at an early stage. Important examples include markers associated with bacterial blight resistance, drought tolerance, fragrance, submergence tolerance, salinity tolerance, grain size, and grain number. A major focus is marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC), which enables the transfer of specific target genes or QTLs into an elite recurrent parent while retaining most of its desirable genetic background. The process involves foreground selection, recombinant selection, and background selection, with recombinant selection helping to minimize linkage drag. The review also explains gene pyramiding, where multiple resistance genes are combined into a single cultivar to provide broader and more durable disease resistance. Finally, it discusses CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing as a precise and rapid technology for modifying specific rice genes. CRISPR/Cas9 uses guide RNA to direct Cas9 to a target DNA sequence, producing a double-strand break that can be repaired through NHEJ or HDR, thereby enabling gene knockout or precise genetic modification.