Wheat-based cropping systems, especially the rice-wheat production system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, are essential for maintaining food production and addressing the nutritional needs of an increasing population. Due to its importance, long term intensive cultivation has led to several problems such as depletion of soil organic matter, nutrient imbalance, declining biological activity and excessive dependence on chemical fertilizers. These practices result in reduced nutrient use efficiency as well as cause environmental problems such as nutrient leaching and increased greenhouse gases emissions. The problems also emphasize the need for sustainable nutrient management techniques to maintain production while ensuring soil and environmental health. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) involves a combined use of mineral fertilizers with organic amendments and biological components to supply nutrients. Addition of organic resources is beneficial to the physical condition of the soil through improvement of soil structure, water holding capacity and root growth. Moreover, the enhanced microbial activity increases the efficiency of providing crops with nutrients through stimulating the transformation and recycling of nutrients. INM enhances nutrient synchronization and minimizes nutrient losses leading to improved nutrient use efficiency, stable wheat yields and sustainability of wheat-based production systems in long run.