Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest oilseed crops cultivated worldwide and is known as the “queen of oilseeds” due to its high-quality oil, nutritional value, and adaptability to diverse agro-climatic conditions. It contains a high percentage of edible oil, protein, antioxidants, and important minerals, making it valuable for human consumption and industrial uses. However, sesame production is constrained by low yield potential, susceptibility to diseases, poor adaptability, and environmental stresses. Therefore, genetic improvement through effective breeding approaches is essential for enhancing productivity and stability.

The major breeding objectives in sesame include increasing seed yield, improving oil content and quality, developing early-maturing varieties, enhancing resistance against diseases and insect pests, and improving tolerance to drought and other abiotic stresses. Various conventional and modern breeding methods are employed for sesame improvement, including selection methods, pedigree breeding, bulk method, single seed descent (SSD), backcross breeding, mutation breeding, and hybridization. Recent approaches such as molecular breeding, marker-assisted selection, and genomic tools are further strengthening sesame improvement programmes. The integration of traditional and advanced breeding techniques can accelerate the development of high-yielding, stress-resistant, and quality-improved sesame varieties. Future breeding efforts should focus on sustainable production and climate-resilient cultivars to meet increasing demands for sesame oil and food security.